Berbagai Faktor yang Menyebabkan Lahir Mati (Still Birth)

Berbagai Faktor yang Menyebabkan Lahir Mati (Still Birth)
Credits: Freepik

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Komplikasi kehamilan merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi selama kehamilan. Komplikasi kehamilan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan ibu maupun janin. Beberapa wanita yang memiliki masalah kesehatan yang muncul sebelum atau saat sedang hamil dapat menyebabkan komplikasi. Sehingga sangat penting bagi wanita menerima perawatan untuk mencegah maupun mengurangi risiko komplikasi kehamilan.

Beberapa komplikasi kehamilan dapat mempengaruhi janin, mulai dari keguguran, berat badan lahir yang rendah, kelahiran prematur ataupun lahir mati.

 

Perbedaan Lahir Mati dan Keguguran

Lahir mati berbeda dengan keguguran. Lahir mati atau dikenal juga dengan istilah Still Birth, adalah ketika bayi tidak menunjukkan adanya tanda-tanda kehidupan di dalam rahim. Pada lahir mati, kehamilan berakhir di usia 20 hingga 37 minggu, sedangkan pada keguguran kehamilan berakhir di usia sebelum 20 minggu.

Secara sederhana, lahir mati juga dapat digambarkan sebagai kematian janin setelah minggu ke-20 kehamilan ibu. Bayi mungkin telah meninggal dalam rahim selama beberapa jam atau bahkan beberapa minggu sebelum persalinan.

Lahir mati diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga kategori, di antaranya:

  • Lahir mati dini - adalah kematian janin di usia kehamilan 20 hingga 27 minggu
  • Lahir mati terlambat - adalah kematian janin di usia kehamilan 28 hingga 36 minggu
  • Lahir mati aterm - adalah kematian janin di usia kehamilan 37 minggu atau setelahnya

 

Penyebab Lahir Mati (Still Birth)

Sebagian kasus lahir mati sebenarnya tidak diketahui pasti apa penyebabnya. Namun beberapa komplikasi kehamilan dapat menyebabkan lahir mati, di antaranya seperti:

  • Preeklamsia

Preeklamsia adalah komplikasi kehamilan yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan darah tinggi dan kandungan protein yang tinggi di dalam urin. Preeklamsia adalah kondisi yang berbahaya karena apabila tidak mendapatkan penanganan dengan baik dapat menyebabkan janin lahir mati, kelahiran prematur dan berkembangnya sindrom HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count) pada ibu yang berisiko menyebabkan pendarahan parah, edema paru, gagal ginjal, gagal hati dan kematian pada ibu hamil.

  • Infeksi saat kehamilan

Pada saat hamil, ada banyak perubahan yang terjadi di dalam tubuh wanita, salah satunya menurunnya kekebalan tubuh. Akibatnya ibu hamil rentan terhadap infeksi tertentu.

Infeksi yang terjadi pada ibu hamil di usia kehamilan 24-27 minggu dapat menyebabkan kematian pada janin. Infeksi ini biasanya disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri yang masuk melalui vagina ke rahim, seperti infeksi E.coli, Streptococcus Grup B, Klebsiella sp., Enterococcus sp., Haemophilus influenza, Chlamydia sp., Mycoplasma sp. dan Ureaplasma sp. Selain itu infeksi virus seperti rubella, Influenza, Varicella zoster, zika virus, dan parasit Malaria serta lain sebagainya juga dapat menjadi ancaman yang membahayakan janin serta ibu.

  • Masalah pada tali pusat

Masalah pada tali pusat seperti simpul yang ketat pada tali pusat atau terlalu erat melilit leher bayi memang kasus yang jarang terjadi, namun 10% dari kasus lahir mati terkait dengan kelainan pada tali pusat.

  • Cacat lahir

25% kasus lahir mati disebabkan oleh cacat lahir. Cacat lahir juga jarang diketahui penyebabnya bahkan pada autopsi janin yang dilakukan.

  • Risiko pembekuan darah

Pembekuan darah seperti pada kondisi hemofilia juga meningkatkan risiko lahir mati pada janin.

  • Usia kehamilan yang terlalu lama

Beberapa orang memilih menunggu sampai ada tanda-tanda persalinan untuk melahirkan. Studi menemukan bahwa kehamilan yang melebihi usia 42 minggu meningkatkan risiko lahir mati karena plasenta tidak lagi mampu menunjang kebutuhan janin.

  • Kondisi medis tertentu

Kondisi medis tertentu yang dialami ibu seperti lupus, diabetes, penyakit jantung, penyakit tiroid, kolestasis kehamilan, infeksi virus juga berisiko meningkatkan lahir mati pada janin.

 

Lahir mati dapat dicegah dengan mendapatkan vaksinasi dan juga pemeriksaan kehamilan rutin dan pengobatan dini terhadap kondisi kesehatan tertentu. Apabila Anda tidak merasakan pergerakan janin, mengalami kram parah saat sedang hamil, mengalami cedera atau benturan keras pada perut saat hamil, mengalami pendarahan, demam tinggi, mengalami pembengkakan parah pada kaki atau merasakan ada sesuatu yang tidak beres dengan kehamilan, maka sebaiknya segera periksakan diri ke dokter kandungan Anda. Tindakan pemeriksaan lebih dini akan membantu mencegah lahir mati pada janin dan menyelamatkan jiwa ibu.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 01:49

Cleveland Clinic (2020). Stillbirth. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9685-stillbirth

Krissi Danielsson (2022). Why Do Stillbirths Happen?. Available from: https://www.verywellfamily.com/stillbirth-causes-2371770

Pregnancy Birth & Baby. What is a stillbirth?. Available from: https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/what-is-a-stillbirth

CDC (2022). Pregnancy Complications. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-complications.html

Elizabeth Czukas, RN, MSN (2021). Why Preeclampsia Is Dangerous. Available from: https://www.verywellfamily.com/preeclampsia-2371586

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    • related-article.blade.php#8mydatabase4.61msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10068 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8mydatabase4.84msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10005 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10005
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2053 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2053
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4081 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4081
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.9msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6302 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6302
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.45msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3607 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3607
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 4393
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.3msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4161 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4161
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:111
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:53
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:55
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • menu_hover.blade.php#156mydatabase2.03msselect * from `videos` where `status` = 1 order by `updated_at` desc limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:156
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:221
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:357
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:361
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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