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  • Mengenal Hipospadia, Penyakit Bawaan yang Umum Dialami Bayi Laki-Laki

Mengenal Hipospadia, Penyakit Bawaan yang Umum Dialami Bayi Laki-Laki

Mengenal Hipospadia, Penyakit Bawaan yang Umum Dialami Bayi Laki-Laki

Bagikan :

Uretra adalah tabung di mana urin akan mengalir dari kandung kemih keluar dari tubuh. Uretra terkait secara anatomi dengan sistem reproduksi, sehingga karakteristiknya berbeda antara pria dan wanita. Uretra pria memiliki panjang sekitar 18-20 cm dan melewati penis sebelum dikosongkan. Saat keluar dari kandung kemih, uretra melewati kelenjar prostat, dan saluran mani dari testis memasuki uretra di setiap sisi, menjadikannya jalur untuk transmisi air mani serta untuk pembuangan urin.

Normalnya, pembukaan uretra berada di ujung penis. Namun, pada kondisi cacat lahir (bawaan lahir), pembukaan uretra berada di bawah penis dan secara medis kondisi ini dikenal dengan istilah hipospadia. Kondisi ini umum dialami oleh bayi laki-laki, di mana uretra terbentuk secara tidak normal selama minggu ke 8-14 kehamilan. Untuk mengembalikan pada penampilan normal, dibutuhkan pembedahan.

Gejala hipospadia

Ada beberapa gejala yang biasanya menyertai hipospadia, di antaranya:

  • Chordee - penis melengkung ke bawah
  • Undescended testicle - testis tidak turun ke dalam skrotum
  • Kulup yang belum berkembang - kulit yang menutupi kepala penis tidak lengkap
  • Buang air kecil tidak normal, urin tidak menyembur dalam aliran yang lurus

Jenis hipospadia

Pembukaan uretra yang abnormal ini bisa terbentuk di mana saja, dari bawah ujung penis hingga skrotum dengan berbagai derajat yang berbeda, beberapa bisa ringan hingga parah, seperti dilansir CDC di antaranya:

  • Subcoronal - adalah pembukaan uretra yang terletak suatu tempat di dekat kepala penis
  • Midshaft - adalah pembukaan uretra yang terletak di sepanjang batang penis
  • Penoscrotal - adalah pembukaan uretra yang terletak di mana penis dan skrotum bertemu

Penyebab hipospadia

Tidak diketahui jelas apa penyebab hipospadia, namun menurut para peneliti, kondisi ini tampaknya diturunkan di dalam keluarga. Anak-anak dengan hipospadia sangat mungkin memiliki ayah atau saudara laki-laki yang mengalami kondisi serupa.

Selain itu, ada beberapa faktor dari ibu yang meningkatkan risiko bayi dengan hipospadia, antara lain seperti:

  • Mengalami obesitas saat hamil
  • Hamil di usia di atas 35 tahun
  • Menggunakan perawatan kesuburan untuk hamil sehingga paparan progesteron mempengaruhi kehamilan
  • Menggunakan perawatan hormonal lain sebelum atau selama kehamilan
  • Terpapar pestisida
  • Memiliki kebiasaan merokok saat dan sebelum hamil

Pengobatan dan perawatan

Hipospadia dapat diperbaiki dengan pembedahan. Ahli bedah telah melakukan koreksi hipospadia sejak akhir tahun 1800-an dengan banyak teknik yang berbeda. Tujuan dari operasi hipospadia adalah untuk membuat penis yang normal dan lurus, dengan saluran kemih yang berakhir pada atau di dekat ujung penis. Sejak era modern, pada 1980-an rekonstruksi hipospadia dilakukan dengan teknik yang lebih sedikit oleh ahli urologi anak, yang menekankan pada empat langkah berikut:

  • Meluruskan poros
  • Membuat saluran kencing
  • Memposisikan meatus di kepala penis
  • Menyunat atau merekonstruksi kulup

Umumnya prosedur pembedahan dilakukan saat anak cukup bulan dan sehat, antara usia 6-12 bulan. Namun pada beberapa kondisi, hipospadia dapat dilakukan pada anak-anak dari segala usia bahkan orang dewasa. Prosedur pembedahan memakan waktu sekitar 90 menit - 3 jam, pada beberapa kasus, perbaikan dilakukan secara bertahap terutama kasus dengan chordee (penis yang melengkung ke bawah) yang parah.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 22:45

Mayo Clinic (2018). Hypospadias. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355153

CDC (2020). Facts about Hypospadias. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/hypospadias.html

Urology Care Foundation. What is Hypospadias?. Available from: https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/h/hypospadias

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Hypospadias. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Urethra. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/science/ureter

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    • related-article.blade.php#8mydatabase4.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5646 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 3438
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase6.32msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10090 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase5.04msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5013 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5013
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase5.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1587 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1587
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase4.76msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 955 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11mydatabase580μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase6.69msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1074 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1074
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:53
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:55
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • menu_hover.blade.php#156mydatabase2.66msselect * from `videos` where `status` = 1 order by `updated_at` desc limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:156
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • menu_hover.blade.php#221mydatabase1.21msselect * from `booklets` where `is_published` = 1 order by `id` desc limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:357
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:361
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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