Merokok Dapat Menyebabkan Kanker, Ini Alasannya

Merokok Dapat Menyebabkan Kanker, Ini Alasannya
Credits: Freepik

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Semua orang tahu bahwa merokok adalah salah satu penyebab kanker paru-paru. Merokok juga dikaitkan dengan jenis kanker lain seperti kanker kerongkongan, kanker pankreas, kanker hati, kanker usus, kanker rektum, kanker serviks dan kanker mulut.

Namun, bagaimana bisa merokok dapat menjadi penyebab kanker?

 

Bahan-Bahan Kimia Berbahaya di Dalam Rokok

Rokok, cerutu, dan tembakau pipa terbuat dari daun tembakau kering yang dipadukan dengan zat lainnya. Saat dibakar, asap yang dihasilkan rokok mengandung ribuan bahan kimia, dan 70 di antaranya sudah diketahui dapat menyebabkan kanker.

Bahan kimia penyebab kanker ini disebut sebagai karsinogen. Beberapa bahan kimia berbahaya yang ada di dalam rokok dan bersifat karsinogen di antaranya:

  • Asetaldehid
  • Amina aromatik
  • Arsenik
  • Benzena
  • Berilium
  • 1,3-Butadiena
  • Kadmium
  • Kromium
  • Cumene
  • Etilen oksida
  • Formaldehid
  • Nikel
  • Polonium-210
  • Hidrokarbon aromatik
  • Polisiklik (PAH)
  • Nitrosamin khusus tembakau
  • Vinil klorida

Baca Juga: Makanan dan Minuman yang Dapat Membantu Berhenti Merokok

 

Bagaimana Rokok Bisa Menyebabkan Kanker?

Sebenarnya masih dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui mekanisme pasti bagaimana merokok bisa menyebabkan kanker. Merokok meningkatkan risiko kanker karena beberapa hal berikut ini:

Paparan zat karsinogen

Seperti telah disinggung sebelumnya di atas, bahwa zat kimia di dalam rokok sebagian besar bersifat karsinogen. Bila organ paru terpapar dengan zat-zat kimia tersebut dalam waktu lama, DNA sel bisa mengalami perubahan dan merusak jaringan.

Menyebabkan mutasi genetik

Paparan karsinogen dalam waktu lama bisa menyebabkan mutasi genetik pada DNA sel. Mutasi genetik bisa meningkatkan risiko kanker karena fungsi normal dari organ bisa berubah, salah satunya dapat memengaruhi kemampuan organ untuk memulihkan dirinya. 

Mutasi pada DNA seiring waktu dapat menyebabkan tumbuhnya jaringan tumor. Pada keganasan, sel tumor ini bisa terus berkembang dan menyebar ke organ lain, membuat tubuh sulit melawan tumor.

Kerusakan sistem kekebalan

Bahan kimia beracun dalam asap rokok dapat melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Kekebalan tubuh yang lemah bisa membuat tubuh menjadi sulit dalam mendeteksi sel kanker dan melawannya.

Berhenti merokok adalah salah satu cara untuk membalikkan keadaan dan memperpanjang kelangsungan hidup.

Stres oksidatif

Merokok menyebabkan stres oksidatif yang dapat memengaruhi ketidakseimbangan radikal bebas dan antioksidan di dalam tubuh. Akibatnya tubuh mudah mengalami peradangan, gangguan sistem kekebalan dan juga meningkatkan risiko kanker.

Baca Juga: Merokok Dapat Menyebabkan Katarak, ini Cara Mencegahnya

 

Kapan Harus Berhenti Merokok dan Pergi ke Dokter?

Berhenti merokok sedini mungkin dapat mengurangi risiko kanker, penyakit lain yang disebabkan rokok dan risiko kematian akibat merokok. Jika Anda telah menjadi perokok aktif selama bertahun-tahun dan menyadari akan risikonya, tidak ada salahnya untuk berhenti merokok saat ini.

Bagaimanapun tidak ada kata terlambat untuk berhenti merokok dan menurunkan risiko kematian dini akibat penyakit yang muncul akibat merokok.

Segera periksakan diri ke dokter apabila Anda kesulitan berhenti merokok secara mandiri. Anda bisa mendapatkan bantuan berhenti merokok dengan berkonsultasi dengan dokter.

Jangan menunda memeriksakan diri ke dokter apabila Anda mengalami batuk yang memburuk dan tidak kunjung membaik walau sudah minum obat, mengalami nyeri di dada, mengi, kesulitan bernapas, batuk disertai darah, sering kelelahan, dan mengalami penurunan berat badan tanpa penyebab yang jelas.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 07:54

Zawn Villines (2022). How might smoking cause cancer?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-does-smoking-cause-cancer.

American Cancer Society (2020). Harmful Chemicals in Tobacco Products. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/healthy/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/carcinogens-found-in-tobacco-products.html.

National Cancer Institute (2017). Harms of Cigarette Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet.

CDC (2022). What Are the Symptoms of Lung Cancer?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/symptoms.htm.

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8mydatabase10.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6718 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6718
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase10.54msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5286 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase9.7msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6434 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6434
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9675
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase9.86msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6409 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6409
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:53
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:55
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • menu_hover.blade.php#156mydatabase3.24msselect * from `videos` where `status` = 1 order by `updated_at` desc limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:156
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:221
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:357
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:361
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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