Penyebab Penyakit Kuning pada Anak, Bukan Hanya Hepatitis Akut

Penyebab Penyakit Kuning pada Anak, Bukan Hanya Hepatitis Akut
Credits: Freepik

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Ikterus atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah penyakit kuning sebenarnya bukanlah jenis penyakit tertentu. Ikterus adalah kondisi terkait dengan hati yang menyebabkan bagian putih pada mata dan kulit menguning. Ketika hati tidak bekerja dengan baik, maka akan terdapat penumpukan limbah yang disebut bilirubin di dalam darah. Bila kadar bilirubin ini tinggi, maka bagian putih pada mata, kulit, serta selaput lendir bisa berubah warna menjadi kekuningan.

Penyakit kuning pada bayi biasanya dianggap cukup normal, karena hati bayi belum cukup berkembang untuk memecah dan mengeluarkan kelebihan bilirubin di dalam darah. Namun saat terjadi pada anak-anak, orang tua harus lebih waspada karena ikterus bisa menjadi indikator adanya penyakit atau kondisi lainnya yang mungkin berbahaya.

 

Gejala Penyakit Kuning

Gejala penyakit kuning yang paling jelas terlihat adalah perubahan warna kuning pada kulit dan juga bagian putih mata. Terkadang perubahan warna ini juga dapat ditunjukkan melalui urin yang berwarna lebih gelap atau tinja yang berwarna pucat.

Apabila penyakit kuning disebabkan oleh hepatitis, maka gejalanya mungkin disertai beberapa tanda sebagai berikut:

  • Demam
  • Sakit perut
  • Mual
  • Kelelahan

 

Penyebab Penyakit Kuning

Ada beberapa hal yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit kuning. Mengetahui penyebab kondisi ini sangatlah penting untuk memberikan pengobatan dan perawatan yang tepat, karena adakalanya ketika kulit dan bagian putih mata berubah menjadi kuning, maka menunjukkan gejala yang semakin berkembang dan memburuk.

Berikut adalah lima penyakit atau kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit kuning pada anak-anak, di antaranya:

  • Hepatitis

Hepatitis adalah peradangan pada hati yang seringkali ditandai dengan perubahan warna bagian putih mata dan kulit menjadi kekuningan. Hepatitis disebabkan oleh infeksi virus yang berbeda-beda, dengan cara penularan yang juga berbeda. Hepatitis dikategorikan menjadi lima, hepatitis A, B, C, D dan E. Walaupun berbeda namun kelimanya sama-sama menyebabkan peradangan pada hati yang pada akhirnya dapat membahayakan fungsi hati.

  • Batu empedu

Sekitar 48% dari kasus batu empedu pada anak-anak berasal dari penumpukan batu empedu pigmen yang terbentuk ketika empedu tidak dapat mengosongkan diri dengan benar. Tingginya kandungan kalsium bilirubinat (garam kalsium dari bilirubin) kemudian menumpuk dan membentuk batu empedu.

  • Virus Epstein-Barr

Tidak hanya dapat menginfeksi orang dewasa, virus Epstein-Barr juga dapat menginfeksi anak-anak. Anak-anak mungkin tertular melalui kontak dengan air liur ketika menggunakan gelas yang sama dengan orang yang terinfeksi, menggunakan alat makan yang sama, atau sikat gigi bersama.

Infeksi pada anak-anak biasanya tidak menimbulkan gejala atau sulit dibedakan dari penyakit ringan lainnya, namun ketika gejalanya berkembang menjadi serius, anak-anak dapat mengalami ikterus, demam, atau pembesaran limpa. Setelah terinfeksi virus ini, virus akan menjadi tidak aktif di dalam tubuh dan dapat kembali aktif di kemudian hari.

  • Sirosis Hati

Sirosis hati adalah penyakit hati progresif di mana jaringan parut menggantikan jaringan hati yang lembut dan sehat. Ketika jaringan parut ini semakin banyak, ia akan menumpuk dan menjadi keras, perlahan ia akan memotong sirkulasi darah di hati dan menyebabkan gangguan fungsi hati. Saat anak mengalami sirosis, maka kemampuan hati untuk memproses nutrisi dan menyaring racun di dalam tubuh akan menurun. Pada kasus yang parah, hati akan berhenti bekerja sehingga dibutuhkan transplantasi hati.

Pada anak-anak, sirosis dapat disebabkan oleh masalah hati yang diturunkan, misalnya seperti atresia bilier. Selain itu, sirosis juga dapat disebabkan oleh hepatitis autoimun dan penyakit Wilson.

 

Mencari penyebab penyakit kuning pada anak penting untuk menentukan pengobatan dan perawatannya. Sekalipun pada beberapa kasus ringan gejalanya akan hilang, namun Anda tidak seharusnya meremehkan gejala kuning pada anak. Segera periksakan anak ke dokter untuk mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat agar tidak berkembang semakin parah.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 14:08

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8mydatabase5.66msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6123 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8mydatabase5.64msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 437 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11mydatabase580μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:55
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.menu_hover:156
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:357
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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